Often peo­ple rea­son as follows: (1) If claim C is true, X is the case. (2) I find X dif­fi­cult, incon­ve­nient, repul­sive, or unde­sir­able in some other way. (3) (So) claim C is false. Of course, this isn’t a valid argu­ment. It’s miss­ing a premise: (4) If I find X dif­fi­cult, incon­ve­nient, repul­sive, or unde­sir­able […]